References for my Rotenone project:
Monday, September 24, 2012
Treatments/Antidotes for Rotenone.
Treatments/Antidotes for human exposure to Rotenone!
Over the past few decades, no fatalities or systemic poisonings have been reported related to the regular use of Rotenone, suggesting that Rotenone is not extremely hazardous. However, as stated in the Danger of Rotenone section of this blog, Rotenone can create various unhealthy symptoms in the human body in people who are exposed to it through inhalation or ingestion.
To counter skin contamination, the skin contacted should be washed throughly with soap and water.
An eye should be flushed out with clean water or saline if contaminated with Rotenone.
If dust from powdered Derris root enters the mouth, it should be washed out.
Gastric emptying is strongly advised to people who have swallowed a large amount of a Rotenone-containing product.
If respiratory depression or a change in mental status occurs as a result from being exposed to Rotenone, respiratory support should be induced.
Over the past few decades, no fatalities or systemic poisonings have been reported related to the regular use of Rotenone, suggesting that Rotenone is not extremely hazardous. However, as stated in the Danger of Rotenone section of this blog, Rotenone can create various unhealthy symptoms in the human body in people who are exposed to it through inhalation or ingestion.
To counter skin contamination, the skin contacted should be washed throughly with soap and water.
An eye should be flushed out with clean water or saline if contaminated with Rotenone.
If dust from powdered Derris root enters the mouth, it should be washed out.
Gastric emptying is strongly advised to people who have swallowed a large amount of a Rotenone-containing product.
If respiratory depression or a change in mental status occurs as a result from being exposed to Rotenone, respiratory support should be induced.
Rotenone links to human disorders.
Human disorders and Rotenone:
Exposure to Rotenone in mouse products has proved to cause symptoms akin to Parkinson's disease in the mice, and rats who have been continuously exposed to Rotenone have developed neurological symptoms almost identical to those of Parkinson's Disease. This has led to deeper research involving human exposure to Rotenone and this disease. Rotenone selectively kills serotonergic neurons in midbrain neuron cultures, and depression, a major co-morbity of Parkinson's Disease is linked to the loss of serotonergic neurons. Further research involving this disease and its potenital link to Rotenone is being conducted, but the connection between the two is still undetermined. Other diseases or disorders have not yet been found to derive or link to being exposed to Rotenone.
Exposure to Rotenone in mouse products has proved to cause symptoms akin to Parkinson's disease in the mice, and rats who have been continuously exposed to Rotenone have developed neurological symptoms almost identical to those of Parkinson's Disease. This has led to deeper research involving human exposure to Rotenone and this disease. Rotenone selectively kills serotonergic neurons in midbrain neuron cultures, and depression, a major co-morbity of Parkinson's Disease is linked to the loss of serotonergic neurons. Further research involving this disease and its potenital link to Rotenone is being conducted, but the connection between the two is still undetermined. Other diseases or disorders have not yet been found to derive or link to being exposed to Rotenone.
Important and Intersting information about Rotenone!
Important/Interesting facts about Rotenone:
-A liscence is required for the purcharse or application of Rotenone, and it is not available for general use.
-To poison fish with Rotenone South American First Nations peoples crushed up Jewel Vine and threw it into water sources, making fish become unable to inhalf oxygen through their gills. Following this, fish would come to the surface to get air, where they would then be speared.
-In World War Two Rotenone was used to kill lice in trenches.
-In the beginning of the 20th century rotenone was considered a non-toxic alternative to many other pesticides, but further research proved that it was more dangerous than was known.
-Rotenone is recrommended not to be used near Swine water sources, as they have some sensitivity to it.
-Rotenone is very expensive, ranging from 50$-80$ per gallon.
-Rotenone is not toxic to honey-bees.
-A liscence is required for the purcharse or application of Rotenone, and it is not available for general use.
-To poison fish with Rotenone South American First Nations peoples crushed up Jewel Vine and threw it into water sources, making fish become unable to inhalf oxygen through their gills. Following this, fish would come to the surface to get air, where they would then be speared.
-In World War Two Rotenone was used to kill lice in trenches.
-In the beginning of the 20th century rotenone was considered a non-toxic alternative to many other pesticides, but further research proved that it was more dangerous than was known.
-Rotenone is recrommended not to be used near Swine water sources, as they have some sensitivity to it.
-Rotenone is very expensive, ranging from 50$-80$ per gallon.
-Rotenone is not toxic to honey-bees.
Sunday, September 23, 2012
The danger of Rotenone
Why is Rotenone dangerous?
Rotenone acts as a contact and stomach poison that may be absorbed by ingestion or inhalation. Inhaling large doses of Rotenone can cause increased respiration, depression and convulsions, while digesting Rotenone can give you effects such as mild irration and vomiting. The inhaltion toxicity of it is determined by the particle size of powdered rotenone. Being exposed to powdered Rotenone containing plant materials in an occupational environment has been proven to induce dermantitis, ulcers in the nose, and irritation of mucous membrane. Acute toxic effects on the human body include dermatitis, sore throat, congestion and conjunctivitis, and chronic exposure may produce changes in kidneys and liver (discovered through animal testing). The results of contact with Rotenone explain why Rotenone is and can be dangerous.
How dangerous is Rotenone?
The oral lethal does of Rotenone is 300-500mg/kg, but people rarely die from it because it is sold in such low concentrations. Yet, Rotenone has the potential to be very dangerous if consumed or applied incorrectly. It is a toxin that can poison humans, wildlife and insects and is extremely toxic to fish. Crops that have been sprayed by Rotenone must be avoided for the following 12 hours, and can be harvested one day later, and fish killed with Rotenone may not be eaten, period (according to the regulations of the U.S.A. Food and Drug administration).
An example of the potential danger posed by Rotenone is when a water source in California, that fed 2300 people, was doused with Rotenone to kill an unwanted fish species, but the pesticide killed all of the fish in the lake. This resulted in the contamination of the seven mile lake for the following six months.
Rotenone acts as a contact and stomach poison that may be absorbed by ingestion or inhalation. Inhaling large doses of Rotenone can cause increased respiration, depression and convulsions, while digesting Rotenone can give you effects such as mild irration and vomiting. The inhaltion toxicity of it is determined by the particle size of powdered rotenone. Being exposed to powdered Rotenone containing plant materials in an occupational environment has been proven to induce dermantitis, ulcers in the nose, and irritation of mucous membrane. Acute toxic effects on the human body include dermatitis, sore throat, congestion and conjunctivitis, and chronic exposure may produce changes in kidneys and liver (discovered through animal testing). The results of contact with Rotenone explain why Rotenone is and can be dangerous.
How dangerous is Rotenone?
The oral lethal does of Rotenone is 300-500mg/kg, but people rarely die from it because it is sold in such low concentrations. Yet, Rotenone has the potential to be very dangerous if consumed or applied incorrectly. It is a toxin that can poison humans, wildlife and insects and is extremely toxic to fish. Crops that have been sprayed by Rotenone must be avoided for the following 12 hours, and can be harvested one day later, and fish killed with Rotenone may not be eaten, period (according to the regulations of the U.S.A. Food and Drug administration).
An example of the potential danger posed by Rotenone is when a water source in California, that fed 2300 people, was doused with Rotenone to kill an unwanted fish species, but the pesticide killed all of the fish in the lake. This resulted in the contamination of the seven mile lake for the following six months.
Saturday, September 22, 2012
When and why Rotenone was developed, and its use.
When Rotenone was deveoloped:
Rotenone has been used for centuries to kill fish for food,by people who live in areas where it is derived from, but was only officially registered by the U.S.A. as a piscicide in 1947. It has been used in North America since the 1930s in Fisheries management as a piscicide.
What Rotenone is used for:
Rotenone is mostly used to control aphids, raspberry beetles and sawflies, but it is rarely used as it can have adverse affects on beneficial species and pests. It is also used to control ticks, caterpillars, flies, etc, and to kill lice in many shampoos for dogs, cattle and sheep. Rotenone is the most common pesticide used to kill fish populations. Poinsoned fish can be cured only by being put in untreated water.
The concentrate or the powdered root of Rotenone can be used in products, and because it is a naturally occuring chemical, it is permitted for some restricted use in organic farming.
Rotenone is rapidly broken down in sunlight, so it should be used in the evening as it is more effective.
With the intention of restoring native fish or frogs, Rotenone is used in the removal of non-native fish species from small, concentrated areas. It is also used to control invasive species that may endanger the environment or the economy.
Why Rotenone is used:
Because Rotenone degrades rapidly, it does not stay in the environment for long. It does not penetrate well through soil, and dissapears from streams quickly- therefore it does not pose a threat to ground water.
The small amount of Rotenone used in fish control projects does not affect humans and mammals, and when Rotenone is used according to the directions on EPA-approved Rotenone product labels, there are no known health impacts on human health. These factors contribute to why Rotenone is used.
Rotenone is rapidly broken down in sunlight, so it should be used in the evening as it is more effective.
With the intention of restoring native fish or frogs, Rotenone is used in the removal of non-native fish species from small, concentrated areas. It is also used to control invasive species that may endanger the environment or the economy.
Why Rotenone is used:
Because Rotenone degrades rapidly, it does not stay in the environment for long. It does not penetrate well through soil, and dissapears from streams quickly- therefore it does not pose a threat to ground water.
The small amount of Rotenone used in fish control projects does not affect humans and mammals, and when Rotenone is used according to the directions on EPA-approved Rotenone product labels, there are no known health impacts on human health. These factors contribute to why Rotenone is used.
Rotenone advertised as a pesticide. The above fish was killed by the toxin Rotenone.
Physical properties and description!
What is it?
Rotenone is one of many metabolic toxins. It is a pesticidal compound used as a non-specific insectiside, acaricide and piscicide. Its empirical formula is C23H22O6 with a molecular weight of 394.41 and a melting point of 165-166°c. This toxin is nearly insoluble in water, but is very soluble in many organic solvents. Things that determine its rate of decomposition in water include light, depth, temperature, dose and presence of organic debris. It readily breaks down into approximately 20 products, and only one of which is toxic (12ab-rotenolone). The degradation products that are not toxic are considered safe for use on land and water. Rotenone is most commonly available in the forms of 5% water-wettable powder and 5% liquid.
Rotenone is extracted from the roots of the tropical plants Lacepod (Lonchocarpus), Hoary pea (Tephrosia) and Jewel Vine (Derris), with the majority of it coming from Peru. It also primarily comes from Malaysia, South America and East Africa.
Cellular respiration is a very important process in all living things, so the use of Rotenone is risky. It can disrupt cellular respiration in nearly every living organism, causing a slow death by interfering with the Electron Transport System in a cell's mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation is a process that takes place during Chemiosmosis, and it allows ATP molecules to be synthesized. Rotenone inhibits this process in cellular respiration by blocking a mitochondrial enzyme called NADH ubiquinone reductase. This results in the oxygen of an intoxicated organism increasing, as oxygen is now unavailable for respiration. Death from this happens through tissue anoxia by blocking the uptake of oxygen at the cellular level. This is why Rotenone is considered a metabolic toxin, and the toxicity of it varies greatly between species.
Rotenone is one of many metabolic toxins. It is a pesticidal compound used as a non-specific insectiside, acaricide and piscicide. Its empirical formula is C23H22O6 with a molecular weight of 394.41 and a melting point of 165-166°c. This toxin is nearly insoluble in water, but is very soluble in many organic solvents. Things that determine its rate of decomposition in water include light, depth, temperature, dose and presence of organic debris. It readily breaks down into approximately 20 products, and only one of which is toxic (12ab-rotenolone). The degradation products that are not toxic are considered safe for use on land and water. Rotenone is most commonly available in the forms of 5% water-wettable powder and 5% liquid.
Rotenone is extracted from the roots of the tropical plants Lacepod (Lonchocarpus), Hoary pea (Tephrosia) and Jewel Vine (Derris), with the majority of it coming from Peru. It also primarily comes from Malaysia, South America and East Africa.
Cellular respiration is a very important process in all living things, so the use of Rotenone is risky. It can disrupt cellular respiration in nearly every living organism, causing a slow death by interfering with the Electron Transport System in a cell's mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation is a process that takes place during Chemiosmosis, and it allows ATP molecules to be synthesized. Rotenone inhibits this process in cellular respiration by blocking a mitochondrial enzyme called NADH ubiquinone reductase. This results in the oxygen of an intoxicated organism increasing, as oxygen is now unavailable for respiration. Death from this happens through tissue anoxia by blocking the uptake of oxygen at the cellular level. This is why Rotenone is considered a metabolic toxin, and the toxicity of it varies greatly between species.
The above is a diagram representing the formation of Rotenone at an atomic level.
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